To Be Is To Be Perceived

To Be Is To Be Perceived To be is to be perceived, esse est percipi. This empirical statement was made by the 17th century Irish philosopher Bishop Berkley. He was a foundationalist that aimed to restore the role of religion in philosophy and consequently eradicate scepticism. He was the first philosopher to coherently refute the Cartesian revolution. One generally assumes that empiricism and modern science go hand in hand. That anyone who aims to study the ways of our material world would empirically be studying it, and would thus be an empiricist. However, as we later will discuss, appearances are sometimes not as they seem. In order to critically assess Berkleys statement and his notion that reality is an infinite mind, we must first cover the influential material put forward by Locke and Descartes. These two philosophers from an epistemological point of view were in disagreement, however, from a metaphysical point of view both believed that matter furnished our world. Their only metaphysical difference was how each of them got to their metaphysics. They had opposed epistemological views due to their different opinions regarding the ways in which humans acquire knowledge. Locke was an empiricist, the view that the source and test of contingent knowledge is experience (pg 486 yellow book) Descartes on the other hand was a rationalist, believing that the chief route to knowledge is intellectual rather than sensory. (pg 486 yellow book) In a hypothetical conversation between Locke and Descartes, Descartes would for example ask Locke how he believes to have acquired the notion of infinity. The term Infinity being an idea that cant be experienced would thus leave Locke response less. However, Locke would probably claim that he could empirically sense that numbers for instance will exponentially continue forever, and forever presumes the idea of infinity. When analysing both their epistemological doctrines, it is inevitable that these fall into the area of metaphysics as well. One cannot discuss the ways of acquiring knowledge without mentioning the mind/body problem. This being the main focus of the rest of this essay. Lockes philosophy had a big impact on the world and to a certain extent on Berkleys philosophy, simply because his doctrines transcend empirical methodology. He attempts to prove in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding the relationship between knowledge and ideas. Ideas to Locke came about through sensation and reflection, thus there being no such thing as innate ideas. Sensation and reflection take into account various categories of material intuition for example: extension, solidity and duration. Resulting in simple ideas, which our mind later combines with two or many other simple ideas, creating as Locke calls it: complex ideas. He then makes the important distinction that later is re-interpreted by Berkley and opens the door to his theory of idealism. Locke points out that properties that make up an object are divided into primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities belong not only to observable substances, but also to the minute corpuscles which make them up. Seconda ry qualities such as colour and taste belong to the substance but not to its corpuscles (Woolhouse, 1998, p.870) This reference of corpuscles in Lockes philosophy is remarkable, simply because of the prematurity of Newtonian physics at the time. Primary qualities are therefore the properties that Newtonian physicists analysed in objects. Whilst secondary qualities are for example those of colour, because its unreliability ceases to be a fixed quality of the actual object being perceived. When the lights go out the object ceases to have a colour. All of this experience then amounts to knowledge through intuition, logical entailment and sensation. However, the knowledge that one empirically deduces from experience, Locke claimed that due to our sensory limitations there are complex objects in the world whose essence will remain unperceivable. It is probable that they exist however empirically impossible to prove. He takes this concept of an objects unperceivable essence from Aristotles concept of substance. Berkley picks up on this notion and cunningly points out that declaring the existence of the unperceivable, strictly conflicts empirical rules. We now move the focus of the essay to Berkley and how from Lockes doctrines he develops his own. What Berkley counters in Lockes theory is: to what extent do objects or matter in general have the ability to cause these proclaimed ideas; and if these objects actually have independent qualities that can excite our perception of them. How can it be known, that the things that are perceived, are conformable to those that are not perceived, or exist without the mind? (A. C. Graylingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦p.509) Berkley uses Lockes and Descartes theories and rules concerning dualism and is able to demonstrate its flaws. For dualism to function it has to abide to three rules: 1. Material events have to cause neural brain events. 2. In order to have knowledge, ideas in the mind have to be represented by these material events that caused them. 3. Ideas in the mind consequently have to cause neural changes. Berkleys idealism is an outcome of proving that these three dualistic rules are in fact incoherent. It is bizarre, Berkley claimed, how there is a relationship between immaterial ideas that do not abide to physical laws and material objects in space. How can my immaterial idea of a beer take after its material conception of a beer. I cannot drink my idea of a beer. There is a flaw in dualism that isnt able to account for the transition between space and non-space. We are unable to think of any mind-independent properties; all properties that we are aware of exist in our minds. Therefore, since the only thing we can, with certainty, claim that we experience is our perceptions. It is thus irresponsible to claim that there is anything else but our own perceptions. Thus there are no primary qualities of objects/matter, everything is secondary, and everything is in the mind. Berkley has therefore destroyed Lockes distinction between primary and secondary qualities and due to his failed definition of primary qualities, Locke was judged as a contradicting empiricist. Now that dualism has been scratched out, either Berkley adopts a purely material view of the world or a purely immaterial one. Descartes proved, and Berkley agrees, that there has to be a mind I think therefore I am(R. Descartes, 1644, part 1, article 7) Berkleys dogmatic idealism was thus born. What we experience is in fact experience itself and in order to exist one has to be perceived. Having no matter means that in order for something or someone to exist, there has to be a mind to conceive of its existence. It is at this point that Berkleys doctrine becomes a theological one. He attempted to disprove matter because he viewed it as an atheistic doctrine. If matter exists, it is to say that it has a nature of its own, independent of God. His doctrine entails that we communicate with God through our experiences and that experience is Gods language and science and mathematics its grammar. God is the infinite mind that coordinates all of our finite minds. From a macro point of view and as far as research indicates: Berkleys immaterialism is a doctrine that was constructed on top of the building blocks that Descartes created. If we reject the Cartesian super-premise on which his project is groundedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦his views are not so resilient (A. C. Grayling, p. 516) Berkleys foundationalism was to disprove matter in order to remove scepticism and atheism, thus glorifying theology. The loophole in dualism and Descartes super-premise allowed him (in a very intellectual manner) to succeed in his aimed philosophical foundation. However, what if there is no such thing as an immaterial mind? The two main jointly agreed facts that the three philosophers agree on were: we posses an immaterial mind, independent of space; and that God is responsible for this immaterial mind. What if the super-premise to whom three philosophers dedicated their entire lifes work is false? If we reject the idea of an immaterial mind and substitute it with the idea of a mechanical intelligent body, the simple notion of matter is reborn. Lockes epistemology is once again viewed as valid, however not from the perspective of the mind but from the perspective of a material complex brain. Materialism does not rule out the existence of a God, it doesnt have to be viewed as atheistic. It however makes us finite beings whose laws of reality are Newtonian. For Descartes an infinite substance requires nothing but itself in order to exist. This brings us to my favourite and final philosopher: Spinoza. Spinoza like Descartes was a rationalist. However, unlike Descartes, he combined God with metaphysics and was able to supply a material solution to the mind/body problem. He claimed that Whatsoever is, is God, and without God nothing can be, or be conceived.(Ethics pt.1, prop15) In other words if God is infinite, there isnt anything that isnt God. For Spinoza a dependent substance cant exist, there is only one substance that can in fact be independent and that is the whole. God and Nature therefore are the same substance, and this substance is both material and spiritual. His theory on the surface might seem too poetic and similar to eastern philosophies; it however is a plausible and analytical metaphysical doctrine. He believed that mental and physical effects didnt cause each other, they happened in parallel; and God linked these paralle l chains of events. To conclude,

Chinese Somatic Science Essay

In 1984 when the Japan-France symposium was held, scholars of religion, medicine and psychology were gathered from both sides, and they engaged in discussion in order to promote the movement of New Age Science. I included a suggestion, made from the Japanese side, presentations on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Parapsychology, Eastern martial arts and their demonstrations. In the martial arts demonstration there was included the performance of a technique in which a master martial artist, by emitting ki-energy (chi-energy), makes opponents, who are spatially distanced from him, fall down. This technique is called â€Å"distant hitting† [to-ate: é   Ã¥ ½â€œÃ£  ¦], and it became a conversation piece, attracting people’s attention. As a result, many q(g(ng (Chi-gong) masters came to visit me. I studied their techniques, and experienced ki-energy as a subject of their q(g(ng techniques. Afterwards, I went to China to learn about its actual situation. While I was staying in Beijing in 1997, the Chinese Society for Somatic Science (CSSS) was established. The leaders of this society came to see me with a request to make efforts to propagate q(g(ng in Japan. In the following year, I invited scholars and q(g(ng masters from China and held a symposium â€Å"Ki (Chi) and Human Science† in Tokyo.[i] At about this time, a q(g(ng boom was being generated. After this conference, I went to China many times to investigate and study q(g(ng. I will introduce its fundamental ideas, while incorporating my own opinion. Chinese Somatic Science focuses on the three fields of traditional Chinese medicine, q(g(ng and special abilities as its main objects of research. â€Å"Special abilities† refer to what parapsychology calls psi-ability (paranormal ability). A central focus in each of these fields is ki-energy as the object of research. Traditional Chinese Medicine understands the fundamentals of the human body’s organization by means of the network of meridians. Meridians are channels of energy which circulates in the interior of the human body. However, they are an invisible system which cannot be discovered by dissecting a corpse. In other words, they are a system unique to the body that is active while it is alive. I am taking this to mean, for now, like a system that organizes the subject-body (i.e. the lived body) of which Merleau-Ponty speaks. An important point, when it is seen from a theoretical point-of-view, is that the meridians are a system which does not agree with the mind-body dichotomization established since Descartes. That is to say, ki-energy is conceived to be a life-energy which has both physical and psychological characteristics. The fundamental principle of needle therapy used in traditional Chinese medicine lies in activating the circulation of ki-energy within the human body by infusing fresh ki-energy into the human body, while eliminating the stagnant and inferior flow of ki-energy. Next is q(g(ng. Q(g(ng teaches us that the activity of ki-energy can be heightened through a repeated training. Consequently, we can understand that q(g(ng, theoretically speaking, has a characteristic commensurate with the training in martial arts. It is a bodily technique with a tradition stretching from ancient times. In the case of medical therapy, a mature q(g(ng doctor guides patients to train themselves and practice q(g(ng on their own. Here we can discern a methodology different from the therapeutic method of modern medical science. While modern medical therapy leaves patients to assume a passive standpoint of simply receiving doctor’s treatment, q(g(ng lets them assume an active standpoint of training themselves. The point of this training lies in activating the natural healing power latent in the interior of one’s own body. Ki-energy is thought to be the energy that controls the foundations of life-activity. The training means to promote and purify the activity of ki-energy inside of one’s own body, and to transform it to the ki-energy of a better and higher quality. Therefore, it is a therapeutic method as well as a method of maintaining and promoting health. That is, it can become a method of maintaining health by continually training oneself daily, while it is not limited to a time of sickness. Q(g(ng is divided into internal and external q(g(ng for the purpose of convenience. The training which a patient performs after receiving guidance belongs to the inner q(g(ng, while the outer q(g(ng refers to cases in which a mature q(g(ng master performs therapy on a patient or subject. In these cases, the q(g(ng master usually touches the patient’s body with his hand, but there are cases in which a q(g(ng master, distancing himself from the patient, performs a therapeutic technique without making contact. It is probably safe to think that it is based on the same principle as the technique of therapeutic touch, which in recent years is beginning to spread in American. The third field that is called â€Å"special† ability in China, overlaps with the research of what is referred to in the West and Japan as parapsychology. On numerous occasions, I met with q(g(ng masters in China who have paranormal ability, and observed their technique, while engaging them in dialogue. I encountered people who can demonstrate a wonderful technique, not to mention clairvoyance and psycho-kinesis, which Rhine’s research problematized. Insofar as my research can confirm, there are cases of people who innately possess these abilities, and cases of people who have acquired them through training. If these abilities are used in the field of medicine, they can fulfill the same role as the external q(g(ng. Moreover, there are cases among master martial artists who can demonstrate this kind of ability, though its number is limited. One impression I have received when encountering these people is that there is a great difference between the East and the West in the foundational idea, when dealing with this kind of issue. While in the East this kind of issue has been dealt with as part of the issue related to self-cultivation, which traditionally has a cultural and religious background, there was no such historical and cultural background in the West. Consequently, parapsychological research in the West is preceded by an interest and concern from a theoretical point-of-view. This brings in the background of contemporary scholarly research where there is no concern for its relationship to daily activity. By contrast, in China’s case the practical purpose, as in the case of q(g(ng, looms in the purview of research. This kind of stance is based on the traditional ethos found in the history of science and technology in China. (Modern technology of the West emerged as an application of theory, where theoretical research does not take into account the relationship it has with the practical, daily activity of human beings.) When we examine it from a broader perspective, this kind of tendency is rooted in the philosophical tradition of the East which highly values the practical standpoint. However, there is a tradition in the East which admonishes people, as they are prone to fall into an ethically wrong tendency regarding paranormal phenomena. The tradition of East Asia such as that of China and Japan maintains that the bodily technique must conform to an ethical standpoint. Although I could hardly see such a spiritualistic stance in the contemporary situation in China and Japan, there were occasions where I met persons with such a stance, especially among the masters of martial arts, who are living among people, but not related to universities or academic institutions. In the tradition of Buddhism, this kind of â€Å"special† ability has been called â€Å"siddhi† [jints(riki; ç ¥Å¾Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¥Å â€º] and is considered a kind of a by-product that naturally emerges in the course of self-cultivation. Buddhism has persistently maintained that self-cultivation should not aim at acquiring this as its goal. For example, D(gen, a famous Japanese medieval Zen monk, teaches in the chapter of â€Å"Jints(† [Divine Power, i.e. paranormal power] in Sh(b(genz( that although Buddhism recognizes this kind of siddhi, it is a â€Å"small† siddhi, and the true â€Å"great† siddhi exists in the midst of such everyday activities as drinking tea and eating a meal. This reminds me of Yang Xin, a q(g(ng master, who is now actively promoting q(g(ng in America. When I saw him in Beijing some time ago, he told me that he was now studying â€Å"distant q(g(ng† [Chin. yu(g(q(g(ng; Jap., enkaku kik(, é   Ã©Å¡â€Ã¦ °â€"功]. He was accompanied by a twelve-year girl, who was his experimental subject. I asked him why he was conducting such an experiment. He replied: â€Å"I am not trying to become famous by showing off this kind of technique. As I read a description in a classic on the method of self-cultivation that one can perform this kind of technique, I just wanted to know if it is true or not.† Then he wrote on a piece of paper â€Å"Ã¥ ¤ §Ã© â€œÃ§â€ž ¡Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¢â‚¬  [Chin., d(d(ow(y(n; Jap., daid(mugon] This phrase means that â€Å"The Great Dao remains silent and does not speak.† Herein lies, it would seem, a difference in the traditional ethos between the Eastern martial arts and Western sports. The historical origin of Western sports goes back to the Olympian events in ancient Greece. They emerged, based on the demands of a battlefield such as physical strength, stamina, running, throwing, and the handling technique of a house-drawn cart. We might say that the custom of the modern Olympics in which a record is valued more than anything else inherits this traditional idea. By contrast, in the tradition of the martial arts in the East runs an idea which emphasizes spirituality, even though the martial arts developed, like those of ancient Greece, through techniques used on the battlefield. The history of the Chinese and Japanese martial arts was nurtured through the influence of Buddhism and Shintoism. It came to develop the idea that training in martial arts has the meaning of enhancing one’s ethical personality. Consequently, the stance of respecting the opponent’s personality and capacity was sought in performing techniques. For example, Mr. Ueshiba Morihei, founder of Aikid(, states that â€Å"Martial art is love.† The ultimate goal of martial arts is not to win by defeating an opponent, but to harmonize with an opponent such that people can love each other under â€Å"that which is great† transcending humans. It would seem that â€Å"research on the prayer,† which has been recently initiated in America, incorporates this kind of spiritual idea. Incidentally, I came to realize in the course of investigating the Chinese Somatic Sciences that the standpoint of psychology was lacking. In modern China, which used Marxist materialism as its guiding principle for establishing the nation, psychology was not studied until the time of the Cultural Revolution, as anti-thetical to materialism. Even q(g(ng was an object of suppression. Today, however, the study of psychology is recognized to be legitimate, and the exchange with Japan is making an advance. I have practiced meditation since my youth, and have continued to research and study it. Meditation methods in the Chinese tradition were called â€Å"quiet q(g(ng† and stands a pairing relationship with the usual â€Å"moving q(g(ng† which mobilizes the body. However, almost no meditation methods are practiced in contemporary China. This is probably due to the fact that meditation methods such as those of Buddhism and Daoism were developed within the tradition of religious culture, and declined as a consequence of persecution after the modern period. When somatic science was established in Japan in 1991, we used for its English designation the Society for Mind-Body Science (SMBS), as I felt the importance of psychology. The fundamentals of meditation lie, after all, in promoting the circulation of ki-energy. When it is seen from the point-of-view of psychology, ki-energy designates libido. It is life-energy equipped in the unconscious and the body. The foundational idea that is placed in The Secret of the Golden Flower, a meditation text of Daoism, is to transform and sublimate ki-energy from the state of libido (Chin., j(ng; Jap., sei, ç ² ¾) to the state of â€Å"divine subtle energy† (Chin., sh(n; Jap., shin, ç ¥Å¾). Ki-energy changes into a spiritual energy, when the instinct and desire in one’s unconscious region are purified. Freud insisted that neurosis develops when conscience suppresses the activity of libido, while Jung claimed that libido is an energy related to religiosity. When one touches the activity from the dimension of primal origin, the love of others is transformed from the eros of flesh to spiritual love. To summarize the foregoing, ki-energy is an energy that controls the whole of psychology, medicine, and bodily technique, including the relationship between the environment and the human body. The philosophical guideline that comprehensively includes all of these fields is sought in the idea of the y(n-y(ng exchange of ki-energy which has its origin in the Yà ¬j(ng. According to its conceptual paradigm, nature as an environment is endowed with life, and is fostered to grow, by means of the activity of ki-energy issuing from the Dao that exists in the ultimate dimension. Human beings, along with other life activities, are receptive of this energy and are made to live. Purifying it to a sublime level brings about an enhancement of ethical personality.

Korean Pop - 6843 Words

â€Å"Korea had become trendy because it provided what the youth wanted throughout the region. The phenomenon can be partially explained by noting how Korean popular culture catapulted forward during the 1990s, leaving much of Asia behind as it abandoned conservatism and censorship, diversifying, appropriating, absorbing and innovating. In its fusions, it created an Asian equivalent of European and American pop. Japanese pop, of course, had long had this function throughout the region, but the 1990s was a time for re-examining the Pacific War’s legacy, and Korea offered a less-tainted alternative to Japan.† - Keith Howard Background of the Study The global world widely perceives modern mass media. With the recent technology†¦show more content†¦Fandoms are usually implied to be those crazy, raving fans, mostly female ones, who always stalk (in Korean pop vocabulary, *spazz) their Korean pop idols. They are usually thought of as obsessive, brainless and foolish people. People who criticize them just do not know how passionate these fandoms are. Although they are known for showing their support through watching their Korean pop idols and buying Korean pop merchandise, they go beyond than that; these fandoms also organize parties and charitable events to help the needy and at the same time, to mingle with their fellow KPop fans. Through this, it can be observed that Filipinos form these groups so that they can socialize with other people who also have the same inclinations, as demonstrated by the subculture of KPop fans, in the country, flamed by activities of fandoms. More than a recreation and hobby, for KPop fans, i t is their happiness and fulfillment to support their idols. Through a brief research, it has been observed that the Korean wave is popular among many Filipino teenagers because it offers a fresh cultural aspect, encourages self-expression and serves as a psychological and social urgency. 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Discover the Common Green Darner Dragonfly

The common green darner, Anax junius, is one of the best-known North American dragonfly species. The green darner is easy to spot, thanks to its large size and bright green thorax, and can be found almost anywhere in North America. Identifying the Green Darner Dragonfly Green darners are strong fliers  and rarely perch. Look for adults flying low over ponds or bogs during the breeding season. This species migrates seasonally, often forming large swarms when heading south in the fall. Green darners are one of the earliest species to appear in northern habitats in the spring. Both male and female green darners have an unusual blue and black bulls-eye marking on the frons (or forehead, in laymens terms), just in front of their large, compound eyes. The thorax is green in both sexes. The long abdomen is marked by a dark line, which runs down the center of the dorsal surface. In immature common green darners of either sex, the abdomen appears red or purple. Mature males bear a bright blue abdomen, but in the  early morning or when temperatures are cool, it may turn purple. In reproductive females, the abdomen is green, matching the thorax. Older individuals may have an amber tint to their wings. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - OdonataFamily - AeshnidaeGenus - AnaxSpecies - junius What do Green Darners Eat? Green darners are predaceous throughout their lives. The large, aquatic nymphs prey on other aquatic insects, tadpoles, and even small fish. Adult green darners catch other flying insects, including butterflies, bees, flies, and even other, smaller dragonflies. Their Life Cycle Follows All Dragonflies Like all dragonflies, the common green darner undergoes simple or incomplete metamorphosis with three stages: egg, nymph (sometimes called larva), and adult. The female green darner oviposits her eggs while in tandem with her mate, and is the only darner in North America to do so. Common green darners oviposit their eggs in aquatic vegetation by carefully cutting a slit in a stem or leaf, and placing the egg inside it. This probably provides her offspring with some protection until it hatches. The aquatic nymph matures over time in the water, molting repeatedly. It then climbs up the vegetation until its above the waters surface, and molts one last time to emerge as an adult. Habitat and Range Green darners live near freshwater habitats, including ponds, lakes, slow-moving streams, and vernal pools. The green darner has an extensive range in North America, from Alaska and southern Canada all the way south to Central America. Anax junius is also found on islands within this geographic range, including Bermuda, the Bahamas, and the West Indies. Sources Field Guide to Dragonflies and Damselflies of New Jersey: Allen E. Barlow, David M. Golden, and Jim Bangma: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection; 2009.Dragonflies and Damselflies of the West; Dennis Paulson; Princeton University Press; 2009.

Deterrence And Rational Choice Theory - 777 Words

Throughout the world crime is happening every single day. Yes, some people may feel as if the deterrence theory does not work. Due to the fact that crime still happens in the world. This essay will look at the support for the theory. As well as the key problems for the theory. Next, it will explain some of the newest directions in deterrence/rational choice theory. Finally, it will either agree/disagree with someone’s thought on deterrence and how it does not work and is a waste of time to study. Deterrence and rational choice are two different things. Deterrence is used to punish those who disobey and in return help deter others from committing the same crime. While rational choice is when the individual thinks about the cost and the benefits of them committing this crime (Cornish and Clarke, text CH 34). Deterrence and rational choice tend to work pretty well on young adults. For example, if a teenager sees his friends face time in prison for committing an act of violence. T hat may deter them from committing the same crime or something similar. Reason is that they possibly think of the pros and cons of each situation and how the effect it could have on family. Also where deterrence and rational choice work could not be define. Due to the fact that judges interpret the law, and do not have a across the board rule and sentencing guideline to help them make a decision. Deterrence and rational choice does have some problems. One problem is that there is no way to tell ifShow MoreRelatedDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory748 Words   |  3 Pages In the following paragraphs, deterrence and rational choice theory, two important ideas, will be discussed. Deterrence theory argues that people are more likely to be dissuaded from committing crimes due to fear of being caught, rather than using a moral sense of what is right and what is the wrong thing to do. The three elements of the deterrent effect of punish relies on the severity, certainty, and celerity of the punishment (Lab, 2016). General deterrence is designed to impact more thanRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice Theory3785 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Deterrence and Rational Choice Theory and the three strikes laws are seen by some researcher as the way to maintain control, deter crime and deliver harsh punishment for repeat offenders by subjecting them to the three strikes law. They believe that if the punishment is harsh that offenders will be deterred to commit crime. We will take a look at these theories, and see if they are really the answer to our crime problems in the USA. It will also allow us to ask the question which is:Read MoreDeterrence Theory Is The Rational Choice Theory992 Words   |  4 PagesDeterrence theory is the basis and the ultimate desired outcome to deter crime in the United States (Feldmeyer, 2015). That has not always been true. There has been a period in U.S. history, 1960’s and 1970’s that Rehabilitation Theory was considered the method of choice (Feldmeyer, 2015). Rehabilitation Theory, including treatment, was to treat the â€Å"illness† rather than place heavier sanctions suc h as incapacitation. Even though Rehabilitation is not the predominate approach used today, it is stillRead MoreDeterrence and Rational Choice Theory of Crime3085 Words   |  13 PagesThe issue of whether decision making by criminals is a rational process is a heated topic of discussion when one asserts that crime is the role of choice. Before the classical school of criminology, crime was thought to be the product of the paranormal occurrence of demons, witches, ghouls, and other creatures. The time prior to the classical school of criminology, called the preclassical era, is divided in two parts. Before the time of state intervention into private matters, each individual dealtRead MoreHow Rational Choice And Deterrence Theory Around The World1547 Words   |  7 Pages Everybody has a choice, but it’s up to the individual to the make a decisions on what they choice to do in a positive way, in every event that takes place in their life on an everyday basis. In today’s society dealing with Rational Choice a question always comes into play on why people engage in criminal behavior, but who really knows and most people wonder is it who they surrender their selves around in their social life or could it have been where they grow up and what they sense as a child withRead MoreContemporary Utilization Of Classical Perspective1575 Words   |  7 Pagesexplain the contemporary utilization of the classical perspective of criminology. Deterrence theory, rational choice theory, routine activities theory, and lifestyle theory will be explained and defined thoroughly detailing each theory and provide a historical background, theorist(s) involved, prior literature, scientific methods, results, personal opinions, and policy implications for each th eory. These theories are still being utilized in law enforcement in present day enforcement of laws andRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Court Imposed Bans1563 Words   |  7 Pagespolice imposed bans, court imposed bans, and venue imposed bans. These three bans differ in a number of ways, and have different strengths and weaknesses regarding how well they work. They also relate to different social theories including, deterrence theory, and rational choice theory; all of which will be explored throughout this presentation. Court Court imposed bans can be issued for a number of reasons, most commonly to violent patrons who are likely to endanger the safety of others. Court imposedRead MoreThe Sentencing Policy And The Criminal Justice System1065 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many current criminal justice policies and laws that demonstrate how the policy has been informed by the theories that have been covered this semester. Many connections are not explicit but offer great detail in offering information based on the given topics. The current criminal justice policy that I’ve chosen was the sentencing policy. The sentencing policy was put together to reach every type of case that could possibly be seen in the criminal justice system. Here we will further discussRead MoreTheories Of Law And Justice761 Words   |  4 PagesEssay #1 Theories of law and justice answers the questions on how/ why in society a person behavior could be seen or handle as a criminal (Akers Sellers, 2009). Also the theory helps explain why a certain behavior is consider illegal and what punishment needs to be taken for that behavior/conduct. To answer these questions, the theory looks at the variables which are social, economic, and economic which has it affects on law and justice (Akers Sellers, 2009). For theories of crime and criminalRead MoreDeterrence And Rational Choice : The Criminal Justice System And Crime Prevention1196 Words   |  5 PagesDeterrence or rational choice, which one is the better, or should I say wiser theory to follow when it comes to the criminal justice system and crime prevention. Using extreme capacitation (Deterrence) can be an effective punishment for many in our society, however, there will still be a small portion of our society that will still commit crimes. The majority of the society would use goo d-ole common sense (Rational Choice) and not commit crimes in the first place. DISCUSSION: Deterrence and Rational

Causes of Slow Internet and Solut Free Essays

string(50) " profile manager and the user profile is updated\." Slow Internet Connection 1. Faulty electrical connection near Internet modem/router Faulty electrical connections can be caused by bad cabling and loose connections. If it’s a cable modem, the modem must be attached to the first cable split and preferably the connection with the greatest signal level. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Slow Internet and Solut or any similar topic only for you Order Now If it’s a DSL circuit, no other cables should attach to the circuit between the telephone company box and the DSL splitter. . DSL circuit frequency interference If it’s a DSL circuit, interference from other circuits in the telephone company’s cable bundle can cause packet loss, latency and outages. T1 circuits are prone for causing problems. T1 circuits installed in neighbors’ offices can interfere with DSL. 3. Interference from Wi-Fi radio in Internet Modem/Router Some Internet companies supply modems and routers with built-in Wi-Fi access point capabilities. The built-in access point can be convenient, but it can play havoc with the modem/router itself.Wi-Fi operates in the 2. 4 Ghz frequency range. That is the same for many cordless phones and microwaves. Using any 2. 4 Ghz device in close proximity to the Wi-Fi enabled modem/router can overload the receive side of a Wi-Fi radio and could cause many problems including device resets. This is true even if the Wi-Fi is not being used as long as the radio is turned on. Make sure the Wi-Fi radio is turned off in software programming for any Internet modem/router. If Wi-Fi is needed, install a stand alone access point. 4. Virus, Worm or Trojan on a PCViruses, worms and Trojans can do more than just slow down a PC, they can slow down an entire network. Depending on what they are doing, they can be sending out significant network traffic that can slow down an internal network and give the appearance that the Internet is slow. They can also be sending traffic out to the Internet which would indeed slow down the Internet because they are consuming such a large quantity of bandwidth. It is wise to check PCs for malware anytime a network is slow for no apparent reason. 5.Quality of Service (QoS) Parameters Are Not Set Appropriately for the Available Internet Speed When Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is being used as well as other realtime data applications, many companies install/program QoS parameters into their Internet routers. One field in the configuration is the amount of available bandwidth. The router must know this in order to know when it is time to employ packet prioritization. It also means that the router will not pass through any more bandwidth then this availability setting even if more is available.If QoS settings are active in router configurations, make sure they are appropriate for the available bandwidth. 6. Congested ISP ISPs frequently become congested during heavy traffic and sometimes during normal traffic use. Congestion can also happen between routers in their network and are especially prevalent in meet points between two ISPs. Detecting ISP congestion requires monitoring the Internet circuit with an ISP Packet Loss and Delay Test Tool. If the problem is intermittent, then the tool must monitor over an extended period of time such as several days or even a week. 7. ISP Not Delivering Promised SpeedUnless the Internet connection is a fixed circuit such as a T1, the delivered bandwidth from an ISP can vary throughout the day. Typically, the varied rate is due to congestion but it can be other factors as well. Still the rate can frequently be below the expected bandwidth. Speed tests can help determine the delivered bandwidth at a precise moment in time. Be careful, as speed tests results can frequently be misleading and they measure only what is happening at one moment versus an extended period of time. 8. Old Browser Profiles Some Web browsers such as Firefox have profiles that can become bloated and corrupted after a while.Unfortunately, they usually work well enough that you wouldn’t know they’re corrupted. Create a new profile occasionally—especially when you update to major new versions of the software—and see if that doesn’t speed up your browsing. 9. High Bandwidth Usage If you like to download large files such as movies, music and other multi-gigabyte files—and you like to do all these things simultaneously—you will probably see significant slowdown unless you are running a high bandwidth connection such as business-class Internet such as a T1 connection. 10. Multiple Users of Bandwidth If you have multiple  computers  using the same connection, each computer uses some of the connection. The more people using the same connection the slower it will run for each. Worse, with Wi-Fi someone within range of your router may be hijacking your connection and slowing it down as a result 11. Malware Less common although still a danger is malware. If your computer becomes infected with certain malware it can be turned into what is known as a zombie, which means that the computer becomes a slave that is at the whim of whoever controls the malware.That person can use your computer for whatever he wants in the background without you knowing it, such as for sending spam emails. To avoid this, use a dependable antivirus, antimalware and firewall software to keep your computer secure. How Requests are Processed over the Internet | HTTP request/response path The numeric steps below refer to the steps shown above 1. When the user requests a document, the browser issues the request to the local proxy server. 2. This request first goes through an HTTP request filter. The request may be immediately satisfied (e. g. f the request is for a site that is blocked out, such as advertisements), may be modified (e. g. header compression), or may be passed through without modification. Determination of filterable requests is based on substring matching of URLs to key strings and running corresponding scripts defined in a configuration file. 3. If a response was not generated immediately, the request is logged by the local profile manager and the user profile is updated. You read "Causes of Slow Internet and Solut" in category "Papers" 4. The request is then passed on to the cache manager. 5. The profile manager will create a pre-fetch list based on the usage profile and send it to the pre-fetcher. . Requests which change the profile, specifically URLs which point to HTML pages, are sent to the backbone profile engine to enable backbone aggressive pre-fetches and to update the backbone profiles. Note that the use of an explicit connection to send the profile updates is mainly for ease of implementation. A more efficient mechanism would be to piggy-back such data on HTTP requests that gets transmitted from the local proxy server to the backbone proxy server. 7. Periodically, the backbone profile engine returns a list of recommended pages to pre-fetch based on group profiles.This can occur when many users of a particular group visit a particular page. Similar to above, such information can be piggy-backed onto HTTP responses in a more efficient implementation. 8. The recommended URLs are operated on by a function in the HTTP request filter to eliminate URLs that would be filtered (i. e. , we do not want to pre-fetch items that we will filter). This new list is submitted to the pre-fetcher. 9. The pre-fetcher collates the pre-fetch list and group document pre-fetch recommendations that are found to be not filterable.It then amortizes the pre-fetch requests to the cache manager. 10. If the cache has a fresh copy of the document originally requested, the request is satisfied immediately. 11. Otherwise, the request is forwarded to the backbone proxy server. 12. The normal HTTP transaction occurs between the backbone cache manager and the WWW server. 13. After retrieval, the document is passed through the backbone HTTP response filter. 14. The response is sent back to the local cache manager, who will cache the document if it is a cacheable item. It is then sent back to the browser (10). 15.The backbone profile manager maintains individual as well as group profiles. Periodically, it creates a list of recommended group documents and sends it to the local proxy server (7) of each member of the group. As profile updates arrive, it creates a list of documents to pre-fetch based on individual and group usage profiles. The only difference from the local pre-fetch list is that the backbone list is longer (i. e. , we do more aggressive pre-fetches on the backbone). This list is then submitted to the backbone pre-fetch engine. 16. The backbone pre-fetcher will issue the necessary pre-fetch requests.Causes of Possible Delays The main issues that can adversely affect the performance and scalability of your Web services are: * Incorrect communication mechanism. Currently, there are three main technologies for remoting a method call: Enterprise Services, . NET remoting, and ASP. NET Web services. The best choice depends upon various factors, including the source and target platforms, whether you need to communicate across an intranet or the Internet, whether you require additional services such as distributed transactions, your security equirements, deployment considerations (such as whether your communication must pass through a firewall), other port limitations, and so on. * Web services. Use Web services to build your services. * Enterprise Services. If you use Web services to build your services, you may still need to use Enterprise Services within your service implementation. For example, you may need it to support distributed transactions or if you want to use object pooling. * . NET remoting. Use remoting for same-process, cross-application domain communication or for remote communication if you need to integrate with a legacy protocol.If you use remoting, avoid custom proxies, custom sinks, and using contexts. This helps to avoid compatibility issues with future communication technologies. * Chatty calls. Network round trips to and from a Web service can be expensive. This issue is magnified if clients need to issue multiple requests to a Web service to complete a single logical operation. * Improper choice of parameters. Your choice of parameters depends upon various factors, such as interoperability, the varying platforms used by the clients, maintainability, the type of encoding format used, and so on.Improper choice of parameters can lead to a number of issues, including increased serialization costs and potential versioning problems for the Web service (for example where a custom type is updated). Where possible, you should use primitive types. If interoperability is an issue, consider using the  XmlElement  andXmlDocument  types and choose types specific to your application, such as an  Employee  or  Person  class. * Serialization. Serializing large amounts of data and passing it to and from Web services can cause performance-related issues, including network congestion and excessive memory and processor overhead. Improper data transfer strategies for large amounts of data. Selecting an appropriate data transfer strategy — such as using a SOAP extension that performs compression and decompression or offloading data transfer to other services — is critical to the performance of your Web services solution. * Improper choice of encoding format. You can use either literal or SOAP encoding. SOAP encoding involves more SOAP-processing overhead as compared to literal encoding. * Lack of caching or inefficient caching. In many situations, application or perimeter caching can improve Web services performance.Caching-related issues that can significantly affect Web services performance include failure to use caching for Web methods, caching too much data, caching inappropriate data, and using inappropriate expiration settings. * Inefficient state management. Inefficient state management design in Web services can lead to scalability bottlenecks because the server becomes overloaded with state information that it must maintain on a per-user basis. Common pitfalls for Web services state management include using stateful Web methods, using cookie container based state management, and choosing an inappropriate state store.The most scalable Web services maintain no state. * Misuse of threads. It is easy to misuse threads. For example, you might create threads on a per-request basis or you might write code that misuses the thread pool. Also, unnecessarily implementing a Web method asynchronously can cause more worker threads to be used and blocked, which affects the performance of the Web server. On the client side, consumers of Web services have the option of calling Web services asynchronously or synchronously. Your code should call a Web service asynchronously only when you want to avoid blocking the client while a Web service call is in progress.If you are not careful, you can use a greater number of worker and I/O threads, which negatively affects performance. It is also slower to call a service asynchronously; therefore, you should avoid doing so unless your client application needs to do something else while the service is invoked. * Inefficient Web method processing. A common example of inefficient processing is not using a schema to validate input upfront. This issue can be significant because the Web method may de-serialize the incoming message and then throw exceptions later on while processing the input data.How to Enhance the Service Serialization The amount of serialization that is required for your Web method requests and responses is a significant factor for overall Web services performance. Serialization overhead affects network congestion, memory consumption, and processor utilization. To help keep the serialization overhead to a minimum: XML Compression Compressing the XML payload sent over the wire helps reduce the network traffic significantly. You can implement XML compression by using one of the ollowing techniques: * Use SOAP extensions on the server and client for the compression and decompression of requests and responses. * Use a custom HTTP module on the server and override the proxy for the Web service on the client. * Use HTTP compression features available in IIS 5. 0 and later versions for compressing the response from the Web services. Note that you need a decompression mechanism on the client. Caching Caching is a great way to improve Web services performance. By reducing the average request time and easing server load, caching also helps scalability.You can cache frequently used data applicable to all users, or you can cache SOAP response output. You can cache application data by using ASP. NET caching features. You can cache SOAP output by using either the ASP. NET output cache or by employing perimeter caching. When designing a caching strategy for your Web services, consider the following guidelines: Design Chunky Interfaces to Reduce Round Trips Design chunky interfaces by exposing Web methods that allow your clients to perform single logical operations by calling a single Web method. Avoid exposing properties.Instead, provide methods that accept multiple parameters to reduce roundtrips. Do not create a Web service for each of your business objects. A Web service should wrap a set of business objects. Use Web services to abstract these objects and increase the chunkiness of your calls. Prefer Message-Based Programming over RPC Style You can design Web services by using either of two programming models: messaging style and RPC style. The RPC style is based on the use of objects and methods. Web methods take object parameters to do the processing, and then return the results.The messaging style does not focus on objects as parameters. It is based on a data contract (schema) between the Web service and its clients. The Web service expects the message to be XML that conforms to the published data contract. This approach allows you to package and send all parameters in a single message payload and complete the operation with a single call, thus reducing chatty communication. The Web service may or may not return results immediately; therefore, the clients do not need to wait for results.Use Literal Message Encoding for Parameter Formatting The encoded formatting of the parameters in messages creates larger messages than literal message encoding (literal message encoding is the default). In general, you should use literal format unless you are forced to switch to SOAP encoding for interoperability with a Web services platform that does not support the literal format. Prefer Primitive Types for Web Services Parameters There are two broad categories of parameter types that you can pass to Web services: * Strongly typed . These include .NET types such as  double  and  int, and custom objects such as  Employee,Person, and so on. The advantage of using strongly typed parameters is that . NET automatically generates the schema for these types and validates the incoming values for you. Clients use the schema to construct appropriately formatted XML messages before sending them. * Loosely typed. These parameters use the  string  type. Note that you should not pass XML documents as string parameters because the entire string then needs to be XML encoded. For example,  ;lt;  and  ;gt;  needs to be converted to  ;amp;lt  and  ;amp;gt  and so on.Instead, you should use either an  XmlElement  parameter or implementIXmlSerializable. The latter is the most efficient and works well for large data sizes, regardless of which encoding style you use, you should prefer simple primitive types like  int,  double, and  string  for Web services parameters. Use of primitive types leads to reduced serialization and automatic and efficient validation by the . NET Framework. Avoid Maintaining Server State Between Calls Maintaining per-caller state in memory on the server limits scalability because the state consumes server resources. As an alternative, you can pass state back and forth between the client and Web service. Although this approach enables you to scale your service, it does add performance overhead — including the time taken to serialize, transmit, parse, and de-serialize the state with each call. Input Validation for Costly Web Methods If you have a Web method that performs costly and time-consuming processing, consider validating the Web method input before processing it. It can be more efficient to accept the validation overhead to eliminate unnecessary downstream processing.However, unless you are likely to receive invalid input frequently, you should probably avoid schema validation due to the significant overhead that it introduces. You need to assess your specific situation to determine whether or not schema validation is appropriate. You can validate input data either by using SOAP extensions or by using separate internal helper methods that your Web methods call. The advantage of using SOAP extensions is that they permit you to separate your validation code from your business logic. If there is any schema change in the future, the extension can change independently of the Web method.Approach to Caching You can greatly enhance Web services performance by caching data. With ASP. NET Web services, you can use many of the same caching features that are available to ASP. NET applications. These include ASP. NET output caching, HTTP response caching, and ASP. NET application caching. In common with any caching solution, your caching design for a Web service must consider issues such as how frequently the cached data needs to be updated, whether or not the data is user-specific or application-wide, what mechanism to use to indicate that the cache needs updating, and so on.For more information about caching with Web services, see the â€Å"Caching† section later in this chapter. Approaches for Bulk Data Transfer and Attachments You can use the following approaches to optimize the performance of bulk data transfer: * Chunking. With this approach, you use fixed-size byte arrays to send the data one chunk at a time. * Offloading the transfer. With this approach, you return a URL from your Web service which points to the file to be downloaded. * Compression. You can use a SOAP extension to compress the SOAP messages before transmitting them.This helps when you are constrained primarily by network bandwidth or latency. To handle attachments, your options include: * WS-Attachments * Base 64 encoding * SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism (MTOM) Avoid Calling Local Web Services Web services located on the same computer as a client ASP. NET application share the same thread pool with the ASP. NET application. Therefore, the client application and the Web service share the same threads and other related resources, such as CPU for request processing.Calling a local Web service also means that your request travels through the entire processing pipeline and incurs overhead, including serialization, thread switching, request queuing, and de-serialization. In addition, the  maxconnection  attribute of Machine. config has no affect on the connection limit for making calls to local Web services. Therefore, local Web services always tend to give preference to the requests that come from the local computer over requests that come from other machines. This degrades the throughput of the Web service for remote clients How to cite Causes of Slow Internet and Solut, Papers

Accounting System For Design And Development

Question: Discuss about theAccounting System For Design And Development. Answer: Introduction Transformation in an organization is perceived as the process whereby organizations change their structures, operations, strategies, culture and technology that tend to affect change within the organization (Pasmore et al, 2010). Organizational change tends to occur in a continuous manner or in distinct periods of time. Todays business environment entail that companies should undergo change constantly for the purpose of remaining competitive and improve the levels of service satisfaction to customers (Demers, 2007). In most instances, companies consider changing their systems because of the change that they face. The step of taking change tends to be vital but there also arises driving forces and restraining forces of change which will be discussed in this paper based on VLF change development case study. Driving Forces: Inefficiency and Errors Due to Paper Work To begin with will be identification of driving forces to change. It is evident from the case study that after surgery a patient was to be taken to the recovery room and nurses began reviewing the patient. Hence, this meant that a lot of paper work was to be done during these instances. Thus, inefficiency in procedures developed extra work and delays which negatively affected the surgeons schedules (Serlenno Brock, 2008). Maria a nurse in the firm exclaims that sometimes the necessary supplies were not provided because the instruments were incomplete. Hence, this acts a key driver showing the need of change in the manner the organization keeps its records and procedures. Errors Emerging It is explained that VLF health professions who dealt with a patient made notes on the procedures performed. Hence, the notes were dictated by the attending physician into a recording machine and then transcribed by the secretary. Such a procedure had several implications on quality and availability of information (Campbell, 2014). Since, doctors arent known for their legible handwriting, secretaries can make errors or documents may be lost or filed wrongly. At times, it may be hard for patients to remember the actual comments of the physician. Hence, due to the development of these risks of losing data, errors and forgetting previous comments, it tends to act as a driving force why there is need of change in VLF health centre. Challenges: Extra Skills and Extra Work for Physicians Though, VLF faces challenges that act as driving force to the need of change. There are also other restraining forces that tend to affect change in VLF. To begin with, we observe that VLF has implemented new systems in their healthcare delivery process. Hence, this meant that doctors have to fill out patient records over electronic systems so as to lower levels of error. Thus, this created an extra work and extra skill by the physicians to fill out the records. Therefore, this comes out to be a challenge because it was difficult for doctors with no extra computing skills as they had to undergo training to be able to use the systems (Demers, 2007). Hence, this acted as a restraining factor the implementation of change. Selecting the Best Team Another challenge that emerged though it was solved as change went on was on the issue of integration of the system such that it wasnt about ethical medical records but there was to be an administrative procedure that provides a unified picture. For all these to happen getting the correct team for governance was a challenge that was later to be addressed. Hence, this shows in change there is the driving and restraining forces that tend to affect the process, as they should be effectively monitored. References Pasmore, W. A., Woodman, R. W., Shani, A. B. (2010).Research in organizational change and development. Volume 18 Volume 18. Bingley, UK, Emerald. https://jab.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/04/18/0021886316641509 Salerno, A., Brock, L. (2008).The change cycle: how people can survive and thrive in organizational change. San Francisco, Berrett-Koehler Publishers. https://www.bkconnection.com/static/The_Change_Cycle_EXCERPT.pdf Campbell, H. (2014).Managing organizational change. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=ssz1CAAAQBAJpg=PA196lpg=PA196dq=Campbell,+H.+(2014).+Managing+organizational+changesource=blots=iC_96zAIdUsig=yzF-NqqSxDmLAzTvq90DQpB3eLkhl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Campbell%2C%20H.%20(2014).%20Managing%20organizational%20changef=false Demers, C. (2007).Organizational change theories: a synthesis. Los Angeles, CA, SAGE Publications. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=b1aZomTELuwCpg=PA79lpg=PA79dq=Demers,+C.+(2007).+Organizational+change+theories:+a+synthesis.+Los+Angeles,+CA,+SAGE+Publications.source=blots=Pyl3_S5C_1sig=Dv6-GpNzinmtacpbbWbw-olmImchl=ensa=Xredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Demers%2C%20C.%20(2007).%20Organizational%20change%20theories%3A%20a%20synthesis.%20Los%20Angeles%2C%20CA%2C%20SAGE%20Publications.f=false